Enquête sur les migrations entre l'Afrique et l'Europe - Sénégal (2008)
Sénégal, France, Italie, Espagne, 2007 - 2008
Cris Beauchemin
Dernière modification
October 02, 2019
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Identification
IDNO
SEN-INED-MAFE-2008
Titre
Enquête sur les migrations entre l'Afrique et l'Europe - Sénégal (2008)
Titre traduit
Migrations between Africa and Europe - Senegal (2008)
Pays
| Nom | Code Pays |
|---|---|
| Sénégal | SEN |
| France | FRA |
| Italie | ITA |
| Espagne | SPA |
Résumé
Le projet de recherche MAFE est une initiative de grande ampleur dont l'objectif est d'étudier les migrations entre l'Afrique subsaharienne et l'Europe. - Attention, la documentation des enquêtes MAFE est en langue anglaise. -
__________
Le projet MAFE est une initiative de recherche majeure axée sur les migrations entre l'Afrique subsaharienne et l'Europe. Il regroupe dix centres de recherche européens et africains travaillant sur les migrations internationales.
Veuillez consulter le site officiel de MAFE pour plus de détails: http://www.mafeproject.com/
___________
The MAFE project is a major research initiative focused on migration between Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. It brings together ten European and African research centres working on international migration.
In the early XXIth Century, international migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to Europe has generated increasing public and policy attention. The flotilla of boats bringing would-be migrants to the Canary Islands, and attempts to reach Spanish territory in Ceuta and Mellila have drawn a rapid response from Europe in the form of new policy measures. Yet the scope, nature and likely development of Sub-Saharan African migration to Europe remained poorly understood, and, as a result, European polices may be ineffective. A major cause of this lack of understanding was the absence of comprehensive data on the causes of migration and circulation between Africa and Europe.
The MAFE project aimed at overcoming this lack of understanding by collecting unique data on the characteristics and behavior of migrants from Sub-Saharan countries to Europe. The key notion underpinning the project was that migration must not only be seen as a one-way flow from Africa to Europe. The argument was that return migration, circulation and transnational practices are significant and must be understood in order to design better migration policy.
The MAFE project focused on migration flows between Europe (Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK) and Senegal, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ghana, which together accounted for over a quarter of all African migration to the EU at the time of the survey. In each of these "migration systems", the survey was designed to document four key areas:
- Patterns of migration :
*the socio-demographic characteristics of migrants,
*the routes of migration from Africa to Europe, and
*the patterns of return migration and circulation.
- Determinants of migration: looking at departure, but also return and circulation and taking into account the whole set of possible destinations.
- Migration and Development: MAFE documents some of the socio-economic changes driven by international migration, looking as often as possible at both ends of the Afro-European migration system, at the individual level.
- Migrations and Families: the data collected by the MAFE project can be used to study all sorts of interactions between family formation and international migration. Although the survey was primarily designed to study international migration, it can also be used to study other phenomena, especially in Africa: domestic mobility, labor market participation, family formation, etc.
Comparable data was collected in both 3 sending and 6 destination countries, i.e. in sub-Saharan Africa and in Europe. The data are longitudinal - including retrospective migration, education, work and family histories for individuals - and multi-level - (with data collected at the individual and household levels, in addition of macro-contextual data).
Please consult the official MAFE website for further details : http://www.mafeproject.com/
__________
Le projet MAFE est une initiative de recherche majeure axée sur les migrations entre l'Afrique subsaharienne et l'Europe. Il regroupe dix centres de recherche européens et africains travaillant sur les migrations internationales.
Veuillez consulter le site officiel de MAFE pour plus de détails: http://www.mafeproject.com/
___________
The MAFE project is a major research initiative focused on migration between Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. It brings together ten European and African research centres working on international migration.
In the early XXIth Century, international migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to Europe has generated increasing public and policy attention. The flotilla of boats bringing would-be migrants to the Canary Islands, and attempts to reach Spanish territory in Ceuta and Mellila have drawn a rapid response from Europe in the form of new policy measures. Yet the scope, nature and likely development of Sub-Saharan African migration to Europe remained poorly understood, and, as a result, European polices may be ineffective. A major cause of this lack of understanding was the absence of comprehensive data on the causes of migration and circulation between Africa and Europe.
The MAFE project aimed at overcoming this lack of understanding by collecting unique data on the characteristics and behavior of migrants from Sub-Saharan countries to Europe. The key notion underpinning the project was that migration must not only be seen as a one-way flow from Africa to Europe. The argument was that return migration, circulation and transnational practices are significant and must be understood in order to design better migration policy.
The MAFE project focused on migration flows between Europe (Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK) and Senegal, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ghana, which together accounted for over a quarter of all African migration to the EU at the time of the survey. In each of these "migration systems", the survey was designed to document four key areas:
- Patterns of migration :
*the socio-demographic characteristics of migrants,
*the routes of migration from Africa to Europe, and
*the patterns of return migration and circulation.
- Determinants of migration: looking at departure, but also return and circulation and taking into account the whole set of possible destinations.
- Migration and Development: MAFE documents some of the socio-economic changes driven by international migration, looking as often as possible at both ends of the Afro-European migration system, at the individual level.
- Migrations and Families: the data collected by the MAFE project can be used to study all sorts of interactions between family formation and international migration. Although the survey was primarily designed to study international migration, it can also be used to study other phenomena, especially in Africa: domestic mobility, labor market participation, family formation, etc.
Comparable data was collected in both 3 sending and 6 destination countries, i.e. in sub-Saharan Africa and in Europe. The data are longitudinal - including retrospective migration, education, work and family histories for individuals - and multi-level - (with data collected at the individual and household levels, in addition of macro-contextual data).
Please consult the official MAFE website for further details : http://www.mafeproject.com/
Version
Version
Version 1
Périmètre
Notes sur l'étude
The MAFE project involved 10 organisations representing a wide range of disciplines and institutions. Through the researchers involved, it combined the approaches of demographers, geographers, economists and of socio-anthropologists.
The partners brought a combination of quantitative and qualitative skills. Each of the work packages brought together researchers with strong quantitative background and know-how in processing statistical analysis and large-scale data-sets, and researchers with a strong qualitative knowledge on migration patterns and African contexts.
Both for project organisation and the relevance of project results, it was essential to involve European and African partners on the same footing. In addition to the North/South balance, attention has been paid to the balance within the receiving countries, between Western European countries and Southern European countries, new and older receiving countries.
The partners brought a combination of quantitative and qualitative skills. Each of the work packages brought together researchers with strong quantitative background and know-how in processing statistical analysis and large-scale data-sets, and researchers with a strong qualitative knowledge on migration patterns and African contexts.
Both for project organisation and the relevance of project results, it was essential to involve European and African partners on the same footing. In addition to the North/South balance, attention has been paid to the balance within the receiving countries, between Western European countries and Southern European countries, new and older receiving countries.
Classification des thématiques
| Sujet |
|---|
| Migration internationale |
| Discrimination |
| Intégration des immigrés |
Mots-clés
| Mot-clé |
|---|
| International migration (Migration internationale) |
| Africa (Afrique) |
| Europe (Europe) |
| Geographical mobility (Mobilité géographique) |
| France (France) |
| Spain (Espagne) |
| Italy (Italie) |
| Senegal (Sénégal) |
Couverture
Couverture géographique
Six pays européens et trois pays africains ont participé aux enquêtes MAFE. La collecte de données a été effectuée dans les pays d'origine en Afrique et dans les pays de destination en Europe, afin de constituer des échantillons transnationaux.
Pour MAFE Sénégal, des données ont été recueillies au Sénégal (partie africaine) et en France, en Italie et en Espagne (partie européenne).
Six European countries and three African countries participated in the MAFE surveys. Data collection was carried out in both sending countries in Africa and destination countries in Europe, in order to constitute transnational samples.
For MAFE Senegal, data was collected in Senegal (African part) and France, Italy and Spain (European part).
Pour MAFE Sénégal, des données ont été recueillies au Sénégal (partie africaine) et en France, en Italie et en Espagne (partie européenne).
Six European countries and three African countries participated in the MAFE surveys. Data collection was carried out in both sending countries in Africa and destination countries in Europe, in order to constitute transnational samples.
For MAFE Senegal, data was collected in Senegal (African part) and France, Italy and Spain (European part).
Unité d'analyse
Ménages et individus
Univers
Au Sénégal :
Ménages : ménages sélectionnés au hasard dans la liste actualisée des ménages dans les unités d'échantillonnage primaires sélectionnées. Deux strates ont été distinguées: les ménages avec des migrants et ceux qui n'ont pas de migrants.
Individus : personnes âgées de 25 à 75 ans au moment de l'enquête, nées au Sénégal et ayant / ou ayant eu la citoyenneté sénégalaise. Cette limite d'âge inférieure a été établie pour obtenir des antécédents informatifs. En n'incluant pas les répondants de moins de 25 ans, les ressources ont été utilisées plus efficacement. Le critère du lieu de naissance a été utilisé pour exclure les personnes nées de leur pays d'origine afin d'exclure les migrants de deuxième génération en Europe et d'augmenter l'homogénéité de l'échantillon.
Jusqu'à deux migrants de retour et partenaires de migrants, et une autre personne admissible au hasard. Les migrants de retour étaient admissibles si leur premier départ était supérieur à 18 ans ou plus.
En Europe :
Dans tous les pays européens, les enquêtes ont été effectuées chez les hommes et les femmes âgés de 25 ans et plus au moment des enquêtes et de 18 ans et plus lorsqu'ils ont quitté l'Afrique pour la première fois depuis au moins un an. Pour MAFE Sénégal, seuls les migrants du Sénégal ont été interviewés. C'était un moyen de renforcer l'homogénéité de l'échantillon en excluant les personnes de la génération 1.5 qui sont souvent des migrants «passifs».
En théorie, les personnes interrogées doivent être représentatives de l'ensemble de la population avec ces caractéristiques dans la région de départ et dans les pays de destination. L'échantillon est composé de mâles et de femelles. En Europe, malgré un déséquilibre démographique entre les sexes, l'objectif était d'inclure 50% des hommes et 50% des femmes afin d'autoriser les analyses de genre.
___________________
SENEGAL
Household: Households selected randomly from the updated list of households in the selected primary sampling units. Two strata were distinguished: the households with migrants and those without migrants.
Individual: People aged 25-75 at the time of the survey, born in Senegal and who have/had Senegalese citizenship. This lower age limit was set in order to obtain informative life histories. By not including respondents younger than 25, the resources were used more effectively. The place of birth criterion was used to exclude people who were born out of their country of origin in order to exclude second generation migrants in Europe and to increase the homogeneity of sample.
Up to two return migrants and partners of migrants, and one randomly selected other eligible person. Return migrants were eligible if their first departure was above at 18 or over.
EUROPE
In all the European countries, the surveys were conducted among males and females who were aged 25 and over at the time of the surveys, and who were 18 or over when they had left Africa for the first time for at least one year. For MAFE Senegal, only migrants from Senegal were interviewed. This was a way to reinforce the homogeneity of the sample by excluding people of the 1.5 generation who are often "passive" migrants.
In theory, surveyed individuals must be representative of the whole population with these characteristics in the departure region and in the destination countries. The sample is composed of males and females. In Europe, in spite of a gender demographic disequilibrium, the objective was to include 50% of males and 50% of females in order to allow gender analyses.
Ménages : ménages sélectionnés au hasard dans la liste actualisée des ménages dans les unités d'échantillonnage primaires sélectionnées. Deux strates ont été distinguées: les ménages avec des migrants et ceux qui n'ont pas de migrants.
Individus : personnes âgées de 25 à 75 ans au moment de l'enquête, nées au Sénégal et ayant / ou ayant eu la citoyenneté sénégalaise. Cette limite d'âge inférieure a été établie pour obtenir des antécédents informatifs. En n'incluant pas les répondants de moins de 25 ans, les ressources ont été utilisées plus efficacement. Le critère du lieu de naissance a été utilisé pour exclure les personnes nées de leur pays d'origine afin d'exclure les migrants de deuxième génération en Europe et d'augmenter l'homogénéité de l'échantillon.
Jusqu'à deux migrants de retour et partenaires de migrants, et une autre personne admissible au hasard. Les migrants de retour étaient admissibles si leur premier départ était supérieur à 18 ans ou plus.
En Europe :
Dans tous les pays européens, les enquêtes ont été effectuées chez les hommes et les femmes âgés de 25 ans et plus au moment des enquêtes et de 18 ans et plus lorsqu'ils ont quitté l'Afrique pour la première fois depuis au moins un an. Pour MAFE Sénégal, seuls les migrants du Sénégal ont été interviewés. C'était un moyen de renforcer l'homogénéité de l'échantillon en excluant les personnes de la génération 1.5 qui sont souvent des migrants «passifs».
En théorie, les personnes interrogées doivent être représentatives de l'ensemble de la population avec ces caractéristiques dans la région de départ et dans les pays de destination. L'échantillon est composé de mâles et de femelles. En Europe, malgré un déséquilibre démographique entre les sexes, l'objectif était d'inclure 50% des hommes et 50% des femmes afin d'autoriser les analyses de genre.
___________________
SENEGAL
Household: Households selected randomly from the updated list of households in the selected primary sampling units. Two strata were distinguished: the households with migrants and those without migrants.
Individual: People aged 25-75 at the time of the survey, born in Senegal and who have/had Senegalese citizenship. This lower age limit was set in order to obtain informative life histories. By not including respondents younger than 25, the resources were used more effectively. The place of birth criterion was used to exclude people who were born out of their country of origin in order to exclude second generation migrants in Europe and to increase the homogeneity of sample.
Up to two return migrants and partners of migrants, and one randomly selected other eligible person. Return migrants were eligible if their first departure was above at 18 or over.
EUROPE
In all the European countries, the surveys were conducted among males and females who were aged 25 and over at the time of the surveys, and who were 18 or over when they had left Africa for the first time for at least one year. For MAFE Senegal, only migrants from Senegal were interviewed. This was a way to reinforce the homogeneity of the sample by excluding people of the 1.5 generation who are often "passive" migrants.
In theory, surveyed individuals must be representative of the whole population with these characteristics in the departure region and in the destination countries. The sample is composed of males and females. In Europe, in spite of a gender demographic disequilibrium, the objective was to include 50% of males and 50% of females in order to allow gender analyses.
Producteurs et sponsors
Enquêteur principal
| Nom Agence | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Cris Beauchemin | Institut national d’études démographiques (France) |
Producteurs
| Nom |
|---|
| Institut national d’études démographiques (France) |
| Université Cheikh Anta Diop (Sénégal) |
| Forum internazionale ed Europeo di ricerche sull'immigrazione (Italie) |
| Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Espagne) |
| Consejo superior de investigaciones científicas (Espagne) |
Sponsor / Agence de financement
| Nom | Abréviation |
|---|---|
| Septième programme-cadre de la Communauté européenne | |
| Institut national d’études démographiques (France) | INED |
| Agence nationale de la recherche (France) | ANR |
| Région Ile- de-France | IDF |
| Programme FSP "Migrations internationales, recompositions territoriales et développement dans les pays du Sud" |
metadata.study_desc.oth_id
| Nom | Affiliation | Rôle |
|---|---|---|
| AMETEPE Fofo | INED | |
| BAIZAN Pau | UPF | Project coordinator / Trainer (Spain questionnaire) |
| BRINGE Arnaud | INED | |
| CASTAGNONE Eleonora | FIERI | Project coordinator / Trainer (Italy questionnaire) |
| DAURELE Catherine | INED | Coordination assistant |
| DIAGNE Alioune | IPDSR | Trainer (Senegal household and biographic questionnaire) |
| FLAHAUX Marie-Laurence | INED | |
| GASPARETTI Fedora | FIERI | Trainer (Italy questionnaire) |
| GONZALEZ-FERRER Amparo | UPF / CSIC | Project coordinator / Trainer (Spain questionnaire) |
| KABBANJI Lama | INED | |
| KRAUS Elisabeth | CSIC | |
| LAURENT Raphaël | INED | |
| LEJBOWICZ Tania | INED | |
| LESSAULT David | INED | Trainer (Senegal biographic questionnaire) |
| LIU Mao-Mei | UPF | Trainer (Spain questionnaire) |
| MEZGER Cora | INED | |
| MORO Anastasia | DOXA | Trainer (Italy questionnaire) |
| NAPPA Jocelyn | INED | |
| NAZIO Tiziana | FIERI | |
| OBUCINA Ognjen | UPF | |
| PASTORE Ferrucio | FIERI | |
| QUAGLIA Martine | INED | Trainer (Senegal household questionnaire) |
| RAZAFINDRATSIMA Nicolas | INED | |
| REDA V. | DOXA | Trainer (Italy questionnaire) |
| ROUGIER Frédérique | CSA | Trainer (France questionnaire) |
| SAKHO Papa | IPDSR | Project coordinator |
| THEVENIN Marc | INED | |
| TOMA Sorana | INED | |
| VICKSTROM Erik | INED | |
| VIVIER Géraldine | INED | Trainer (Senegal biographic questionnaire / France questionnaire / Spain questionnaire) |
Echantillonnage
Procédure d'échantillonnage
SENEGAL
A three-stage stratified random sample was used. At the first stage, primary sampling units (census district) were selected randomly with varying probabilities. At the second stage, households were selected randomly in each of the selected primary sampling units (PSUs). At the third stage, individuals were selected within the households.
a) Selection of primary sampling units (first stage)
In the Senegal survey, the sample was designed to be probabilistic and representative of the Dakar region, and at the same time to maximize the chance of reaching households 'affected' by international migration (rare population). The sampling frame used to select the primary sampling units was the 2002 Population Census. The census districts (CD) -which are usually used as the primary sampling units in surveys in Senegal - have an average size of 100 households in urban areas. 60 primary sampling units were randomly selected at the first stage. This number of primary sampling units allows reaching a balance between a large dispersion of households (which decreases sampling errors) and a more concentrated sample (which reduces costs).
The region of Dakar was divided into 10 strata of equal size, according to the % of migrant households within each of them (in average, 11.6% of the households were 'migrants'). 6 CD's per stratum were drawn, with a probability proportional to the number of households within each CD. In other words, census districts with a large number of migrants were more likely to be selected than those with low numbers of migrants. This approach increases the number of migrants interviewed in the individual survey, while still having a probabilistic sample representative of the target area.
The listing of the households in the 60 selected primary sampling units was updated in order to select the sample of households. This stage was essential because a lot of changing occurred in some large neighbourhoods of Dakar since the previous census (2002), especially in suburban areas. This counting also allowed distinguishing between households with and without migrants.
b) Selection of households (second stage)
The following approach was used in MAFE-Senegal:
- Households were selected randomly (using systematic random sampling) from the updated list of households in the selected PSUs. Two strata were distinguished: the households with migrants and those without migrants. A maximum of 50% of households with migrants were drawn in each district. Selected households that could not be reached (absence, refusals,…) were not replaced during the fieldwork. Replacement would distort the computation of sampling weights, and could also lead to bias the sample. To take account of refusals and absences of households, 22 households were selected to reach an effective sample size of 20 households per CD on average (a total of 1 200 households in Dakar region was to be reached).
c) Selection of individuals (third stage)
Next, individuals were selected within households for the life history survey. In each household, individuals were classified into 3 strata (which do not overlap):
- Return migrants, who were aged 18 or over at their (first) departure (or whose age at departure is unknown) ;
- Spouses/partners of migrants (if the spouse/partner is not a return migrant himself/herself) ;
- Other people.
Then, a simple random sample was done in each household to select:
- Up to 2 return migrants (random selection if more than two in the households, all the return migrants were selected if not more than two in the household)
- Up to 2 Spouses/partners of migrants (random selection if more than two in the household)
- Another individual.
In Senegal, an additional condition was that people had the Senegalese citizenship at birth. This condition was dropped in the Ghana and DR Congo surveys.
Two types of questionnaires were used in the departure countries: the household questionnaire and the individual life history questionnaire.
- The first questionnaire was used among a representative sample of households in the target region.
- The second questionnaire was used among a sample of individuals in the selected households, targeting both return migrants and non-migrants. The household questionnaire was thus used as the sampling frame for the selection of individual respondents.
EUROPE
The objective of the survey was to obtain a sample 'as representative as possible' of the African populations (Congolese, Ghanaian, Senegalese) in the destination countries (150 individuals per origin and destination country). The way the sample was constituted may vary across countries, but some common principles were respected:
- The composition of the sample should be as close as possible to the population of (Congolese, Ghanaian, Senegalese) migrants in the country in terms of gender, geographic distribution, age, socio-economic category or occupation.
- One exception: the sample should be gender balanced. Males and females should be equally represented in order to allow gender analyses.
- Samples in origin and destination may be linked, but migrants with weak or no relationships at origin should not be excluded from the sample.
- Both documented and undocumented migrants should be represented in the sample.
For MAFE Senegal, 200 Senegalese were to be sampled in each country (France, Spain and Italy).
The quota method was preferred in France and Italy to collect information on Senegalese migrants. In Spain, a sample of Senegalese migrants was drawn in the Padron. This source appears as a unique sampling opportunity in Europe since it is annually updated and includes all migrants, even the undocumented ones.
The Senegalese sample in Europe was made up from two types of samples:
- a linked sample of respondents, whose contacts were obtained in Senegal through the household survey. The module D of the HH questionnaire was designed to help the collection of contacts. It had to be entered and transmitted securely to the destination countries before data collection started in Europe. The contacts validity was checked before the fieldwork began. For Senegalese in France, 156 contacts were collected but only 54% of them were actually usable (correct contacts but a large amount were not interviewed). In Italy, almost no contact could be used. The efficiency of this method varies a lot according to the context ;
- an additional sample made up in each country to reach the expected sample size. The size of the additional sample is unknown until the contacts in the origin country have been obtained. The method of selection of this sample varied across countries (selection in a municipal register, through migrant associations, street recruitment, by snowballing methods…).
Regions were selected to cover the largest possible population of Senegalese in the country.
* France *
- Target areas: 3 regions comprising 64% of Senegalese people in France (Ile de France, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)
- Sample size: 201
- Quotas: By age, gender and socioeconomic status
- Recruitment methods: Selection from contacts obtained in Senegal, public spaces, migrant associations, snowballing, interviewers' contacts
* Italy *
- Target areas: Lombardia, Emilia Romagna, Toscana, Campania
- Sample size: 205
- Quotas: By age and gender
- Recruitment methods: Selection from contacts obtained in Senegal, public spaces, migrant associations, snowballing, interviewers' contacts
* Spain *
- Target areas: 12 provinces: Almería (Andalucía), Alicante & Valencia (Comunidad Valenciana), Barcelona, Lérida, Tarragona & Gerona (Cataluña), Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid), Zaragoza (Aragón), Las Palmas (Islas Canarias), Murcia (Comunidad Autónoma de Murcia), Baleares (Islas Baleares)
- Sample size: 200 (+ an additional sample of 400 people expected in 2010)
- Quotas: Random sample from Padron
- Recruitment methods: Population register (Padron), contacts obtained in Senegal, interviewers' contacts
- Note: a quota was imposed and respected: the proportion of interviewed migrants living in areas with a large concentration of Senegalese residents had to be equivalent to the real proportion of Senegalese migrants living in those areas in the selected regions
A three-stage stratified random sample was used. At the first stage, primary sampling units (census district) were selected randomly with varying probabilities. At the second stage, households were selected randomly in each of the selected primary sampling units (PSUs). At the third stage, individuals were selected within the households.
a) Selection of primary sampling units (first stage)
In the Senegal survey, the sample was designed to be probabilistic and representative of the Dakar region, and at the same time to maximize the chance of reaching households 'affected' by international migration (rare population). The sampling frame used to select the primary sampling units was the 2002 Population Census. The census districts (CD) -which are usually used as the primary sampling units in surveys in Senegal - have an average size of 100 households in urban areas. 60 primary sampling units were randomly selected at the first stage. This number of primary sampling units allows reaching a balance between a large dispersion of households (which decreases sampling errors) and a more concentrated sample (which reduces costs).
The region of Dakar was divided into 10 strata of equal size, according to the % of migrant households within each of them (in average, 11.6% of the households were 'migrants'). 6 CD's per stratum were drawn, with a probability proportional to the number of households within each CD. In other words, census districts with a large number of migrants were more likely to be selected than those with low numbers of migrants. This approach increases the number of migrants interviewed in the individual survey, while still having a probabilistic sample representative of the target area.
The listing of the households in the 60 selected primary sampling units was updated in order to select the sample of households. This stage was essential because a lot of changing occurred in some large neighbourhoods of Dakar since the previous census (2002), especially in suburban areas. This counting also allowed distinguishing between households with and without migrants.
b) Selection of households (second stage)
The following approach was used in MAFE-Senegal:
- Households were selected randomly (using systematic random sampling) from the updated list of households in the selected PSUs. Two strata were distinguished: the households with migrants and those without migrants. A maximum of 50% of households with migrants were drawn in each district. Selected households that could not be reached (absence, refusals,…) were not replaced during the fieldwork. Replacement would distort the computation of sampling weights, and could also lead to bias the sample. To take account of refusals and absences of households, 22 households were selected to reach an effective sample size of 20 households per CD on average (a total of 1 200 households in Dakar region was to be reached).
c) Selection of individuals (third stage)
Next, individuals were selected within households for the life history survey. In each household, individuals were classified into 3 strata (which do not overlap):
- Return migrants, who were aged 18 or over at their (first) departure (or whose age at departure is unknown) ;
- Spouses/partners of migrants (if the spouse/partner is not a return migrant himself/herself) ;
- Other people.
Then, a simple random sample was done in each household to select:
- Up to 2 return migrants (random selection if more than two in the households, all the return migrants were selected if not more than two in the household)
- Up to 2 Spouses/partners of migrants (random selection if more than two in the household)
- Another individual.
In Senegal, an additional condition was that people had the Senegalese citizenship at birth. This condition was dropped in the Ghana and DR Congo surveys.
Two types of questionnaires were used in the departure countries: the household questionnaire and the individual life history questionnaire.
- The first questionnaire was used among a representative sample of households in the target region.
- The second questionnaire was used among a sample of individuals in the selected households, targeting both return migrants and non-migrants. The household questionnaire was thus used as the sampling frame for the selection of individual respondents.
EUROPE
The objective of the survey was to obtain a sample 'as representative as possible' of the African populations (Congolese, Ghanaian, Senegalese) in the destination countries (150 individuals per origin and destination country). The way the sample was constituted may vary across countries, but some common principles were respected:
- The composition of the sample should be as close as possible to the population of (Congolese, Ghanaian, Senegalese) migrants in the country in terms of gender, geographic distribution, age, socio-economic category or occupation.
- One exception: the sample should be gender balanced. Males and females should be equally represented in order to allow gender analyses.
- Samples in origin and destination may be linked, but migrants with weak or no relationships at origin should not be excluded from the sample.
- Both documented and undocumented migrants should be represented in the sample.
For MAFE Senegal, 200 Senegalese were to be sampled in each country (France, Spain and Italy).
The quota method was preferred in France and Italy to collect information on Senegalese migrants. In Spain, a sample of Senegalese migrants was drawn in the Padron. This source appears as a unique sampling opportunity in Europe since it is annually updated and includes all migrants, even the undocumented ones.
The Senegalese sample in Europe was made up from two types of samples:
- a linked sample of respondents, whose contacts were obtained in Senegal through the household survey. The module D of the HH questionnaire was designed to help the collection of contacts. It had to be entered and transmitted securely to the destination countries before data collection started in Europe. The contacts validity was checked before the fieldwork began. For Senegalese in France, 156 contacts were collected but only 54% of them were actually usable (correct contacts but a large amount were not interviewed). In Italy, almost no contact could be used. The efficiency of this method varies a lot according to the context ;
- an additional sample made up in each country to reach the expected sample size. The size of the additional sample is unknown until the contacts in the origin country have been obtained. The method of selection of this sample varied across countries (selection in a municipal register, through migrant associations, street recruitment, by snowballing methods…).
Regions were selected to cover the largest possible population of Senegalese in the country.
* France *
- Target areas: 3 regions comprising 64% of Senegalese people in France (Ile de France, Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)
- Sample size: 201
- Quotas: By age, gender and socioeconomic status
- Recruitment methods: Selection from contacts obtained in Senegal, public spaces, migrant associations, snowballing, interviewers' contacts
* Italy *
- Target areas: Lombardia, Emilia Romagna, Toscana, Campania
- Sample size: 205
- Quotas: By age and gender
- Recruitment methods: Selection from contacts obtained in Senegal, public spaces, migrant associations, snowballing, interviewers' contacts
* Spain *
- Target areas: 12 provinces: Almería (Andalucía), Alicante & Valencia (Comunidad Valenciana), Barcelona, Lérida, Tarragona & Gerona (Cataluña), Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid), Zaragoza (Aragón), Las Palmas (Islas Canarias), Murcia (Comunidad Autónoma de Murcia), Baleares (Islas Baleares)
- Sample size: 200 (+ an additional sample of 400 people expected in 2010)
- Quotas: Random sample from Padron
- Recruitment methods: Population register (Padron), contacts obtained in Senegal, interviewers' contacts
- Note: a quota was imposed and respected: the proportion of interviewed migrants living in areas with a large concentration of Senegalese residents had to be equivalent to the real proportion of Senegalese migrants living in those areas in the selected regions
Taux de réponse
SENEGAL
In the MAFE Senegal survey, the quantitative objectives were not completely fulfilled:
- The selected number of households was 1320 in Senegal, but only 1141 were successfully interviewed, including:
- Non-migrant household : 458
- Household with at least 1 returnee: 205
- Household with at least 1 current migrant: 617
- Household with returnee(s) and current migrant(s): 139
This represents a response rate of 86.4% (90% was expected).
For the biographic questionnaire, 1 387 individuals were selected, only 1 062 were interviewed, including:
- Returnees: 193
- Partners left behind: 101
- Other non-migrants: 768
At the end, the drop was of 23.6%, while a drop of 10% was expected.
The overall response rate in Senegal is 66.1%.
EUROPE
600 Senegalese migrants were successfully interviewed: 200 in France, 198 in Spain, and 202 in Italy.
In the MAFE Senegal survey, the quantitative objectives were not completely fulfilled:
- The selected number of households was 1320 in Senegal, but only 1141 were successfully interviewed, including:
- Non-migrant household : 458
- Household with at least 1 returnee: 205
- Household with at least 1 current migrant: 617
- Household with returnee(s) and current migrant(s): 139
This represents a response rate of 86.4% (90% was expected).
For the biographic questionnaire, 1 387 individuals were selected, only 1 062 were interviewed, including:
- Returnees: 193
- Partners left behind: 101
- Other non-migrants: 768
At the end, the drop was of 23.6%, while a drop of 10% was expected.
The overall response rate in Senegal is 66.1%.
EUROPE
600 Senegalese migrants were successfully interviewed: 200 in France, 198 in Spain, and 202 in Italy.
Pondération
SENEGAL
The computation of sampling weights relies on computing sampling probabilities at each stage. The product of sampling probabilities at each stage gives the overall sampling probability. Taking the inverse of the sampling probability gives the inflation factor. These factors are adjusted (taking into account non-response and by trimming the weights). They are then normalized, so that the sum of weights is equal to the sample size.
The initial "household weighting" takes into account the sampling probability of the DR and then the households. It was corrected by the non-response by multiplying it by the opposite of the rate of answer, estimated by strata of the DR and strata of the household (only available variables for the answering and non-answering households).
The initial "individual weighting" is equal to the product of the rectified household weight and of the opposite of the sampling probability in the household. It also has corrected by the non-response by multiplying it by the opposite of the rates of answer of the individuals, calculated by homogeneous groups obtained by logistic regression. The explanatory variables kept for this regression were the strata of the individual, sex, age, the size of the household, and the rank of contact.
EUROPE
In the European countries, similar sample sizes were selected for males and females, resulting in an overrepresentation or underrepresentation in the MAFE samples. Similarly, older people were usually oversampled. For these reasons, post-stratification weights are computed to give each observation its proper weight and to match the samples as closely as possible to selected population characteristics.
Senegalese migrants in France and Italy were selected using quota sampling with quotas set by age groups and sex, while the sample in Spain was a probabilistic sample from the population register, augmented by Senegalese respondents identified through contacts in the household survey in Senegal. Given this mix, weights for Spain were also computed by poststratification and not by computing sampling probabilities.
The procedure for constructing post-stratification weights in the case of MAFE-Senegal consisted of the following steps:
- Computation of target population estimates
- Computation of initial inflation weights
- Computation of poststratification weight
In the MAFE data, all survey weights have been rescaled (normalized) so that the sum of weights corresponds to the sample sizes of households and individuals respectively while the mean of the weight variables equals one.
For further details about weights, please read the MAFE methodological note 6 entitled "Sampling and Computation Weights in the MAFE Surveys" (see related materials).
The computation of sampling weights relies on computing sampling probabilities at each stage. The product of sampling probabilities at each stage gives the overall sampling probability. Taking the inverse of the sampling probability gives the inflation factor. These factors are adjusted (taking into account non-response and by trimming the weights). They are then normalized, so that the sum of weights is equal to the sample size.
The initial "household weighting" takes into account the sampling probability of the DR and then the households. It was corrected by the non-response by multiplying it by the opposite of the rate of answer, estimated by strata of the DR and strata of the household (only available variables for the answering and non-answering households).
The initial "individual weighting" is equal to the product of the rectified household weight and of the opposite of the sampling probability in the household. It also has corrected by the non-response by multiplying it by the opposite of the rates of answer of the individuals, calculated by homogeneous groups obtained by logistic regression. The explanatory variables kept for this regression were the strata of the individual, sex, age, the size of the household, and the rank of contact.
EUROPE
In the European countries, similar sample sizes were selected for males and females, resulting in an overrepresentation or underrepresentation in the MAFE samples. Similarly, older people were usually oversampled. For these reasons, post-stratification weights are computed to give each observation its proper weight and to match the samples as closely as possible to selected population characteristics.
Senegalese migrants in France and Italy were selected using quota sampling with quotas set by age groups and sex, while the sample in Spain was a probabilistic sample from the population register, augmented by Senegalese respondents identified through contacts in the household survey in Senegal. Given this mix, weights for Spain were also computed by poststratification and not by computing sampling probabilities.
The procedure for constructing post-stratification weights in the case of MAFE-Senegal consisted of the following steps:
- Computation of target population estimates
- Computation of initial inflation weights
- Computation of poststratification weight
In the MAFE data, all survey weights have been rescaled (normalized) so that the sum of weights corresponds to the sample sizes of households and individuals respectively while the mean of the weight variables equals one.
For further details about weights, please read the MAFE methodological note 6 entitled "Sampling and Computation Weights in the MAFE Surveys" (see related materials).
Collecte des données
Dates de la collecte des données (AAAA/MM/JJ)
| Date de début | Date de fin | Cycle |
|---|---|---|
| 2007-07 | 2007-08 | Senegal pilot survey |
| 2008-01 | 2008-06 | Senegal (Dakar) survey |
| 2008-06 | 2008-06 | Italy survey |
| 2008-07 | France survey |
Fréquence de la collecte de données
SENEGAL
In Senegal, data collection activities started in November 2007 (selection of survey sites in Dakar and listing of households in the selected sites). They ended in September 2008 (data entry and data cleaning). Overall, 11 months were necessary to carry out all the activities related to data collection, and fieldwork lasted a little less than 6 months.
Data collection was organized in two separate stages: the household survey was first conducted, and the biographic survey started after the household survey had been completed. The data collected in the household survey was used to prepare a sampling frame of individuals for the biographic survey; quick data entry of part of the questionnaires of the household survey was thus necessary before starting data collection for the biographic survey. Although this approach had advantages, it also lengthened the data collection process. This approach was not used for surveys in Ghana and DR Congo, where both surveys were conducted simultaneously.
EUROPE
In France, Italy and Spain the surveys were conducted in 2008, before the start of the EU funded project. Data collection activities lasted approximately 6 months.
Note: A second round was carried in Spain in 2010. About 400 Senegalese migrants were interviewed using exactly the same questionnaire. The data will be released in the future. For more information, contact: pau.baizan@upf.edu
In Senegal, data collection activities started in November 2007 (selection of survey sites in Dakar and listing of households in the selected sites). They ended in September 2008 (data entry and data cleaning). Overall, 11 months were necessary to carry out all the activities related to data collection, and fieldwork lasted a little less than 6 months.
Data collection was organized in two separate stages: the household survey was first conducted, and the biographic survey started after the household survey had been completed. The data collected in the household survey was used to prepare a sampling frame of individuals for the biographic survey; quick data entry of part of the questionnaires of the household survey was thus necessary before starting data collection for the biographic survey. Although this approach had advantages, it also lengthened the data collection process. This approach was not used for surveys in Ghana and DR Congo, where both surveys were conducted simultaneously.
EUROPE
In France, Italy and Spain the surveys were conducted in 2008, before the start of the EU funded project. Data collection activities lasted approximately 6 months.
Note: A second round was carried in Spain in 2010. About 400 Senegalese migrants were interviewed using exactly the same questionnaire. The data will be released in the future. For more information, contact: pau.baizan@upf.edu
Mode de collecte des données
The general strategy was the following one:
1. A household survey was conducted among a sample of households in the capital cities in Africa (household questionnaire in origin countries);
2. A life history survey among a sample of individual respondents was conducted in the departure countries (non migrants, return migrants and spouses of migrants). The individual respondents were selected from the households in the origin countries (individual questionnaire in origin countries);
3. A life history survey was carried out among migrants in destination countries (individual questionnaire in destination countries).
All the surveys were done using paper questionnaires through face-to-face interviews.
SENEGAL
In Senegal, the survey was organized in two stages. The first stage consisted in collecting household data. At the end of that stage, selected data of the household questionnaire were entered in order to constitute the sampling frames for individual surveys in Africa and in Europe. The household survey thus precedes the collection of life histories both in Africa and Europe.
NB: In Senegal, the interviewers who did the work in a household did also the work for the individuals of this precise household. It was a way to create a confidence relationship.
The average duration of interviews for the household questionnaire was about 45 minutes-1 hour in Senegal. The average duration of the biographic questionnaire was also around 45 minutes, but it varied greatly depending on the age and migration status of the respondents.
EUROPE
In Europe, the moment for data collection depended on the selection method. In MAFE-Senegal, the fieldwork could start only after completion of the household survey. As a consequence, the fieldwork for the biographic questionnaires was done almost at the same time in all countries.
The work of the interviewers included three stages:
o The interviewers first had to set up an appointment with respondents by using the phone contacts or another source of recruitment (except in cases persons were directly available). Interviewers needed to confirm the appointment. The choice of the place and time of the interview were left to the respondents.
o The interview was then done. The average duration of the interviews was approximately 1h45 in France. In most cases, interviews were carried out at the house of the respondents, but it also took places in various places (pubs, street, office…). The interviews were done during weekdays or week-ends, at various times.
o Finally interviewers were asked to read quickly the completed questionnaire as soon as possible after the interview, in order to detect any missing parts or inconsistencies, and correct them on the spot. Approximately one additional hour was necessary for this.
In all the countries, the respondents were offered a small gift at the end of the interview. In most countries, this was a calling card. The value of the gift varied between 5 € (Italy) and £15 (UK). In all the countries, the gift was very much appreciated. Although the gift was offered after the interview, some participants knew in advance they would receive it.
Recruitment by snowballing also meant that respondents were sometimes aware they would receive a gift. Although this may have facilitated the recruitments of some persons, it may have affected negatively the composition of the sample.
1. A household survey was conducted among a sample of households in the capital cities in Africa (household questionnaire in origin countries);
2. A life history survey among a sample of individual respondents was conducted in the departure countries (non migrants, return migrants and spouses of migrants). The individual respondents were selected from the households in the origin countries (individual questionnaire in origin countries);
3. A life history survey was carried out among migrants in destination countries (individual questionnaire in destination countries).
All the surveys were done using paper questionnaires through face-to-face interviews.
SENEGAL
In Senegal, the survey was organized in two stages. The first stage consisted in collecting household data. At the end of that stage, selected data of the household questionnaire were entered in order to constitute the sampling frames for individual surveys in Africa and in Europe. The household survey thus precedes the collection of life histories both in Africa and Europe.
NB: In Senegal, the interviewers who did the work in a household did also the work for the individuals of this precise household. It was a way to create a confidence relationship.
The average duration of interviews for the household questionnaire was about 45 minutes-1 hour in Senegal. The average duration of the biographic questionnaire was also around 45 minutes, but it varied greatly depending on the age and migration status of the respondents.
EUROPE
In Europe, the moment for data collection depended on the selection method. In MAFE-Senegal, the fieldwork could start only after completion of the household survey. As a consequence, the fieldwork for the biographic questionnaires was done almost at the same time in all countries.
The work of the interviewers included three stages:
o The interviewers first had to set up an appointment with respondents by using the phone contacts or another source of recruitment (except in cases persons were directly available). Interviewers needed to confirm the appointment. The choice of the place and time of the interview were left to the respondents.
o The interview was then done. The average duration of the interviews was approximately 1h45 in France. In most cases, interviews were carried out at the house of the respondents, but it also took places in various places (pubs, street, office…). The interviews were done during weekdays or week-ends, at various times.
o Finally interviewers were asked to read quickly the completed questionnaire as soon as possible after the interview, in order to detect any missing parts or inconsistencies, and correct them on the spot. Approximately one additional hour was necessary for this.
In all the countries, the respondents were offered a small gift at the end of the interview. In most countries, this was a calling card. The value of the gift varied between 5 € (Italy) and £15 (UK). In all the countries, the gift was very much appreciated. Although the gift was offered after the interview, some participants knew in advance they would receive it.
Recruitment by snowballing also meant that respondents were sometimes aware they would receive a gift. Although this may have facilitated the recruitments of some persons, it may have affected negatively the composition of the sample.
Description des questionnaires
The MAFE surveys rely on two different questionnaires: household and biographic. The questionnaires are almost entirely identical from one country to another. The few differences consist in:
- Cultural variables (religion, ethnic groups, matrimonial status etc.)
- New questions introduced on fostered children in the MAFE Congo and MAFE Ghana biographic questionnaires (Module on Children)
- The order of the questions relating to migration in the household questionnaire (Module A)
The Household Questionnaire:
- Used only in African countries
- Answered by a unique respondent who is usually the household head
- Contains information on the members of the household (age, sex, education...) and also on people who live outside the household and who are related to it (head's children, partners living abroad, other relatives of the head or his/her spouse who live abroad and with whom the household has been in touch within the last 12 months). The questionnaire includes a specific module aimed at obtaining contact information for each of the declared migrants. In addition, it contains specific modules on short migration histories, on relationships between each migrant and the household, and on housing conditions and owned assets.
- Topics: socio-demographic variables of each individual, short migration histories, remittances, household assets, housing history
- Available in French (MAFE-Senegal, MAFE-Congo) and English (MAFE-Ghana)
The Biographic Questionnaire:
- Used in all African and European countries
- Answered by the migrant him/herself
- Contains life histories of all the surveyed individuals, whatever their migratory status at the time of the survey (non-migrant, return migrant, current migrant). The questionnaire contains retrospective information on the following topics: dwelling, family, work, international migration of the interviewee (including attempts to migrate, return trips to Senegal, transit migration and legal status in foreign countries), migration history of the migrant's relatives (list of their stays abroad, including dates and country names), goods and assets, and remittances and contributions to associations in the country of origin.
- A grid was used, jointly to the questionnaire, to help the interviewee to recall important dates of his/her history
- Topics: family formation, education and employment, housing, migration, investments (housing, business, community amenities or infrastructure)...
- Available in French (MAFE-Senegal, MAFE-Congo), English (MAFE-Ghana), Italian and Spanish (MAFE-Senegal)
- Cultural variables (religion, ethnic groups, matrimonial status etc.)
- New questions introduced on fostered children in the MAFE Congo and MAFE Ghana biographic questionnaires (Module on Children)
- The order of the questions relating to migration in the household questionnaire (Module A)
The Household Questionnaire:
- Used only in African countries
- Answered by a unique respondent who is usually the household head
- Contains information on the members of the household (age, sex, education...) and also on people who live outside the household and who are related to it (head's children, partners living abroad, other relatives of the head or his/her spouse who live abroad and with whom the household has been in touch within the last 12 months). The questionnaire includes a specific module aimed at obtaining contact information for each of the declared migrants. In addition, it contains specific modules on short migration histories, on relationships between each migrant and the household, and on housing conditions and owned assets.
- Topics: socio-demographic variables of each individual, short migration histories, remittances, household assets, housing history
- Available in French (MAFE-Senegal, MAFE-Congo) and English (MAFE-Ghana)
The Biographic Questionnaire:
- Used in all African and European countries
- Answered by the migrant him/herself
- Contains life histories of all the surveyed individuals, whatever their migratory status at the time of the survey (non-migrant, return migrant, current migrant). The questionnaire contains retrospective information on the following topics: dwelling, family, work, international migration of the interviewee (including attempts to migrate, return trips to Senegal, transit migration and legal status in foreign countries), migration history of the migrant's relatives (list of their stays abroad, including dates and country names), goods and assets, and remittances and contributions to associations in the country of origin.
- A grid was used, jointly to the questionnaire, to help the interviewee to recall important dates of his/her history
- Topics: family formation, education and employment, housing, migration, investments (housing, business, community amenities or infrastructure)...
- Available in French (MAFE-Senegal, MAFE-Congo), English (MAFE-Ghana), Italian and Spanish (MAFE-Senegal)
Collecteurs de données
| Nom | Abréviation | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Institut national d’études démographiques (France) | INED | |
| Institut de population, développement et santé de la reproduction | IPDSR | Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar |
| CSA | ||
| Istituto per le ricerche statistiche e l'analisi dell'opinione pubblica (Italie) | DOXA | |
| Metroscopia (Espagne) |
Evaluation des données
metadata.study_desc.method.analysis_info.data_appraisal
Une note méthodologique intitulée «L'échantillonnage des migrants internationaux avec méthode de boule de neige fondée sur l'origine: nouvelles preuves sur les préjugés et les limitations», rédigé par Cris Beauchemin et Amparo González-Ferrer, se trouve dans les documents connexes de l'étude, ainsi qu'une autre note méthodologique en français "Biais de non-réponse dans l'enquête Migrations entre l'Afrique et l'Europe (MAFE-Sénégal)" écrit par Nicolas Razafindratsima, Stéphane Legleye et Cris Beauchemin.
________________
A methodological note entitled "Sampling international migrants with origin-based snowballing method: New evidence on biases and limitations", written by Cris Beauchemin and Amparo González-Ferrer, can be found in the study's related materials, as well as another methodological note in french "Biais de non-réponse dans l'enquête Migrations entre l'Afrique et l'Europe (MAFE-Sénégal)" written by Nicolas Razafindratsima, Stéphane Legleye and Cris Beauchemin.
________________
A methodological note entitled "Sampling international migrants with origin-based snowballing method: New evidence on biases and limitations", written by Cris Beauchemin and Amparo González-Ferrer, can be found in the study's related materials, as well as another methodological note in french "Biais de non-réponse dans l'enquête Migrations entre l'Afrique et l'Europe (MAFE-Sénégal)" written by Nicolas Razafindratsima, Stéphane Legleye and Cris Beauchemin.
Accès aux données
Citation recommandée
Every user of the MAFE data must cite this paragraph in its publications:
English version : "The MAFE project is coordinated by INED (C. Beauchemin) and is formed, additionally by the Université catholique de Louvain (B. Schoumaker), Maastricht University (V. Mazzucato), the Université Cheikh Anta Diop (P. Sakho), the Université de Kinshasa (J. Mangalu), the University of Ghana (P. Quartey), the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (P. Baizan), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (A. González-Ferrer), the Forum Internazionale ed Europeo di Ricerche sull'Immigrazione (E. Castagnone), and the University of Sussex (R. Black). The MAFE project received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement 217206. The MAFE-Senegal survey was conducted with the financial support of INED, the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), the Région Ile de France and the FSP programme 'International Migrations, territorial reorganizations and development of the countries of the South'. For more details, see: http://www.mafeproject.com/"
French version : "Le projet MAFE est coordonné par l'INED (C. Beauchemin), en partenariat avec l'Université catholique de Louvain (B. Schoumaker), la Maastricht University (V. Mazzucato), l'Université Cheikh Anta Diop (P. Sakho), l'Université de Kinshasa (J. Mangalu), l'University of Ghana (P. Quartey), l'Universitat Pompeu Fabra (P. Baizan), le Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (A. González -Ferrer), le Forum Internazionale ed Europeo di Ricerche sull'Immigrazione (E. Castagnone), et l'University of Sussex (R. Black). Le projet MAFE a reçu un financement du Septième Programme-Cadre de la Communauté européenne (subvention 217206). L'enquête MAFE-Sénégal a été réalisée grâce au soutien financier de l'INED, de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche, de la région Ile de France, et du programme FSP 'Migrations internationales, recompositions territoriales et développement dans les pays du Sud'. Pour plus d'information, voir : http://www.mafeproject.com/"
In addition, to refer to the survey design, the following documents can also be refered to:
Beauchemin, C. (2012). Migrations between Africa and Europe: Rationale for a Survey Design. MAFE Methodological Note 5. Paris, Ined: 45.
Schoumaker, B., C. Mezger, N. Razafindratsima and A. Bringé (2013). Sampling and Computation Weights in the MAFE Surveys. MAFE Methodological Note 6: 73.
These MAFE methodological notes are available at: http://mafeproject.site.ined.fr/en/methodo/methodological_notes/
English version : "The MAFE project is coordinated by INED (C. Beauchemin) and is formed, additionally by the Université catholique de Louvain (B. Schoumaker), Maastricht University (V. Mazzucato), the Université Cheikh Anta Diop (P. Sakho), the Université de Kinshasa (J. Mangalu), the University of Ghana (P. Quartey), the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (P. Baizan), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (A. González-Ferrer), the Forum Internazionale ed Europeo di Ricerche sull'Immigrazione (E. Castagnone), and the University of Sussex (R. Black). The MAFE project received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement 217206. The MAFE-Senegal survey was conducted with the financial support of INED, the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), the Région Ile de France and the FSP programme 'International Migrations, territorial reorganizations and development of the countries of the South'. For more details, see: http://www.mafeproject.com/"
French version : "Le projet MAFE est coordonné par l'INED (C. Beauchemin), en partenariat avec l'Université catholique de Louvain (B. Schoumaker), la Maastricht University (V. Mazzucato), l'Université Cheikh Anta Diop (P. Sakho), l'Université de Kinshasa (J. Mangalu), l'University of Ghana (P. Quartey), l'Universitat Pompeu Fabra (P. Baizan), le Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (A. González -Ferrer), le Forum Internazionale ed Europeo di Ricerche sull'Immigrazione (E. Castagnone), et l'University of Sussex (R. Black). Le projet MAFE a reçu un financement du Septième Programme-Cadre de la Communauté européenne (subvention 217206). L'enquête MAFE-Sénégal a été réalisée grâce au soutien financier de l'INED, de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche, de la région Ile de France, et du programme FSP 'Migrations internationales, recompositions territoriales et développement dans les pays du Sud'. Pour plus d'information, voir : http://www.mafeproject.com/"
In addition, to refer to the survey design, the following documents can also be refered to:
Beauchemin, C. (2012). Migrations between Africa and Europe: Rationale for a Survey Design. MAFE Methodological Note 5. Paris, Ined: 45.
Schoumaker, B., C. Mezger, N. Razafindratsima and A. Bringé (2013). Sampling and Computation Weights in the MAFE Surveys. MAFE Methodological Note 6: 73.
These MAFE methodological notes are available at: http://mafeproject.site.ined.fr/en/methodo/methodological_notes/
Production de métadonnées
Identifiant du document
SEN-INED-MAFE-2008
Producteurs
| Nom | Abréviation | Affiliation | Rôle |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amandine Morisset | INED | Institut national d’études démographiques (France) | Création DDI |
| Dominique Diguet | INED | Institut national d’études démographiques (France) | Révision DDI |
Date de production
2017-09-12
Version de document
Version Demostaf d'après la version INED (version 1.2)